Information related to a typical trip to Ireland click

1 Introduction Student Interest. For introduction handout .doc file click

2 Geography/Stats

Details of Course are presented, Basic overview of Ireland, Maps distributed- see maps section of main page. Story exchange, soda bread

For Bibliography click

1 Review /questions

2 Literature click

Story box story exchange click to find stories at home

Bibliography click

3 History/Elizabethan pale-18^th c

History/Elizabethan pale-18^th c

•       1565       Sidney became governor. His policy was to dispossess those who attacked the Crown or occupied its land. English settlers would be brought in to live on these dispossessed areas, introducing English law and civility. Ancient titles were revived and bestowed on English adventurers.

•       1569       James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald launched a rebellion against the English, to be defeated by the combined forces of Thomas Butler (the Earl of Ormonde) and the English under Henry Sidney and Humphrey Gilbert.

•       1570       25 February       Pope Pius V issued a papal bull, Regnans in Excelsis, declaring Elizabeth I of England a heretic and releasing her subjects from any allegiance to her.

1579       James FitzMaurice FitzGerald returned from the Continent preaching a crusade. He received such support from Munster and even the Pale that Elizabeth was forced to put up an army of 8000. This resulted in a massive transfer of property from Irish to English ownership

•       1585       Hugh O’Neill became Earl Of Tyrone.

•       1593       Hugh Roe O'Donnell began his rebellion against the English.

•       1594                       The Nine Years' War commences in Ulster, as Hugh O'Neill and Red Hugh O'Donnell rebel against Elizabeth I's authority in Ulster.

•       1595       Rebellion of Hugh O’Neill, earl of Tyrone.

•       1601       (Sept). A great Spanish fleet set sail for Ireland to help Tyrone, 4000 men sent by Philip III,  but O’Neill and O’Donnell were miles away in Ulster. The British deputy Mountjoy, leading 2000 men, besieged the Spaniards, but Tyrone and O’Donnell marched south and besieged Mountjoy. This was the final battle for Gaelic Ireland. Tyrone lost against Mountjoy at Kinsale. He managed to obtain pardon after submitting humbly to him.

17th century

•       1606       Scottish Protestants Montgomery and Hamilton founded a private settlement in Ulster. For a century it attracted flocks of Scottish settlers.

•       1607       14 September   The Flight of the Earls: The departure from Ireland of Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone and Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell. Since submitting to the Crown in 1603 Tyrone had kept possession of lands, despite the resentment of those who had fought him

•       1609                       Plantation of Ulster by Scottish Presbyterians began on a large scale.

•       1641       22 October         Irish Rebellion of 1641: Phelim O'Neill led the capture of several forts in the north of Ireland.) Great Catholic-Gaelic rebellion. The rebels declared their loyalty to the Crown but assaulted the settlers. Terrible atrocities were reported. On Portadown Bridge, 100 Protestants were stripped, thrown into the water and murdered.

•       1642                       Irish Confederate Wars: The Irish Catholic Confederation was established, under the nominal overlordship of Charles I of England, with its capital at Kilkenny.

•       1646       28 March            The Supreme Council of the Irish Catholic Confederation signed an agreement with a representative of Charles I, which procured some rights for Catholics in return for their military support of the royalists in England.

•                                       The members of the Supreme Council were arrested. The General Assembly renounced the agreement with England.

•       1647                       A more favorable agreement was reached with Charles's representative, which promised toleration of Catholicism, a repeal of Poynings' Law, and recognition of lands taken by Irish Catholics during the war.

•       1649       Oliver Cromwell had defeated King Charles I in England, but there were still strong Royalist armies allied with Irish Catholic rebels in Ireland. In 1649 Cromwell came to Ireland, striking first at Drogheda.

•       1685       James II became a Catholic king of England Richard Talbot, a favourite of James II, became Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. He began restoring public office to Catholics and to mobilise a Catholic army. He planned a primarily Catholic parliament at Dublin. Protestants in Britain and Ireland were alarmed.

•       1688       A Catholic-dominated Irish parliament revoked the Cromwellian land settlement. Derry and Enniskillen, Protestant towns, denied James’ authority. Late in the autumn of 1688, rumours began to spread that Irish Catholics loyal to James II were massacring Protestants. A Catholic regiment was to be sent to Londonderry to relieve the old garrison. The people of Londonderry thought it unwise to have Catholic troops protect them. However, establishment figures demanded that the troops be let in, but thirteen apprentice boys locked the door against King James’ troops on 7th December 1688.

•       1689       (April). The siege began, reaching its full intensity for six weeks in the summer. The Protestant soldier in command of the garrison, Robert Lundy (‘Lundy’ now means a weak Protestant), wanted to surrender, but the citizens opposed him and he was forced to flee. William of Orange’s ships arrived to relieve the city but withdrew.

•                       (May). William’s ships reappeared. James’ men had put a wooden boom across the river Foyle and the relief ships decided not to proceed. 30,000 Protestants were stuck in Derry, starving and plagued by mortar fire. Thousands died of starvation and disease. The inhabitants of Derry responded to a demand to surrender with ‘No Surrender!’ which has been their watchword since.

•                       (28th July). British ships in the Foyle broke the boom and relieved Derry.

•       1690       William of Orange landed in Ireland and defeated James II at the Boyne on July 1st.      (July). William's army moved towards Dublin, pushing James' forces onto the defensive. There was stern resistance to the Williamite army, but it ended in in defeat at Aughrim on 12th July.

•                       All Catholic armies surrendered at Limerick under Patrick Sarsfield. His troops were exiled to serve Louis XIV and were known as ‘Wild Geese’. Following William III’s victory, the ‘penal laws’ regulated against Catholics, denying them the right to vote, buy land, be a lawyer, join the army or navy or hold any office of state. 

18th century

•       1740                       Extreme winters in successive years result in poor harvests, causing a largescale famine in which between 310,000 and 480,000 die.

•       Second half 18th C)         In the absence of political rights, a network of agrarian secret societies emerged, known as the ‘Whiteboys’. The first people to talk of an Irish nation were recent Protestant settlers and converts to Protestantism. They were known as the Protestant Ascendancy and they were highly aspirational.

•       1760       February              Battle of Carrickfergus: A French invasion.

•       1778       ‘Patriotic’ and other discontents joined a military volunteering movement, which the government reluctantly recognised. Pressure from these Volunteers and ‘patriot’ rhetoricians as well as threats of non-cooperation from the Irish House of Commons helped repeal commerce restrictions and then make constitutional concessions in 1782.The British government relaxed penal laws against Catholics in order to secure the support of the majority and allow Catholics to join the army

•       1782                       After agitation by the Irish Volunteers, the Parliament of Great Britain passed a number of reforms - including the repeal of Poynings' Law - collectively referred to as the Constitution of 1782.

•       1791       The United Irishmen had begun as a debating society, French-influenced, middle class and Presbyterian. William Drennan, an ‘aristocratic democrat’, wrote their prospectus. The most famous United Irishman was Kildare Protestant Theobald Wolfe Tone, a pro-Catholic campaigner. It was he who steered the United Irishmen into a ‘French Revolutionary’ movement with links to the Defenders

1793         Catholics gained the vote and civil rights. The liberalisation of land laws only heightened tensions with the secretive ‘Defenders’ becoming more openly political. Politicians split on Catholic emancipation (their right to sit in parliament or hold high office).

•       1795       The Orange Society was founded, taking its name from William of Orange. They were a reorganisation of an agrarian/working class secret society called the ‘Peep O’Day Boys. The first Orange lodges appeared; their role was to oppose the Defenders. Defender ideology spread, encouraged by resistance to tax.

•       1796       December           Expédition d'Irlande: Attempted French invasion. 1796  The United Irishmen had become a secret society who preached violence. Wolfe Tone persuaded the French to send a fleet to Ireland in December to help found an Irish Republic. The fleet was battered by harsh weather.

•       1798       24 May Battle of Ballymore-Eustace: A miscarried surprise attack on the British garrison at Ballymore in County Kildare was counterattacked and defeated.

•                       22 August            Irish Rebellion of 1798: One thousand French soldiers landed at Kilcummin in support of the rebellion.

•                       27 August            Battle of Castlebar: A combined French-Irish force defeated a vastly numerically superior British force at Castlebar.

•                                       Irish Rebellion of 1798: The Republic of Connacht was proclaimed at Castlebar. First United Irishmen rebellion

19th century

1801       1 January             Acts of Union 1800 passed. The Kingdom of Ireland is annexed to Great Britain. 'United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland is formed

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4 saints/festivals

5 break

6 cookery/teatime- For Tea Ritual click

Recipe- Potato Bread/Farls

Potato Farls
Ingredients:
3 large potatoes
Knot of butter (1-2 tablespoon)
Pinch of salt
Handful of soda bread flour


Directions: Boil the potatoes. Mash with knot of butter and salt. Add a handful of soda bread
flour. Dust your baking surface and roll out, about ½-inch thick. Place on heated griddle. Cook
both sides.
Alternative: Potato Oaten are made the same way, but with one handful of pin-headed oatmeal
added.

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7 craft/travel

Plaiting click

8 questions/summary

1 review/questions

Story box story exchange click to find stories at home

2 music

a.click Lyrics for Examples

b click Earliest Song

b1 click Aesthetics

c click Lesson1

d click Lesson 2

e click Instruments

f click Dance

g click Songs of Patriotism and Solidarity

Bibliography click

3 History/19-20th century

•       1801       1 January             Acts of Union 1800 passed. The Kingdom of Ireland is annexed to Great Britain. 'United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland is formed.

•       1803       23 July  Second United Irishmen rebellion: The Irish nationalist Robert Emmet attempted to seize Dublin Castle.

•       1817       A severe famine took place. 1823            

•       The Catholic Association was formed by Daniel O’Connell. It was financed by the ‘Catholic Rent’. The proposed government veto on appointing priests helped create a split with the aristocratic leadership, but it was O’Connell and his elite of Catholic lawyers who mobilized mass politics. They wanted rights, not concessions. There were mass demonstrations and an ‘alternative parliament’ in Dublin

•       1828       Daniel O’Connell. His achievements were to allow Catholics to sit in Parliament and to campaign against the Union. As part of his first campaign for Catholic Emancipation he built up a mass organization including Catholic clergy and middle-class supporters. People could join his Catholic Association for a penny a month, and it soon attracted large sums. O’Connell had a horror of popular violence, but he stressed the physical power that lay in the mass support behind him. 

•       1829       24 March             Catholic Emancipation: The Catholic Relief Act 1829 was passed, which allowed Catholics to sit in Parliament.

•       1830s                     The Young Ireland movement of this decade was led by Protestant nationalists who were often anti-English. The Young Irelanders published an extreme Repealer newspaper, The Nation, which used Irish history to argue that Ireland could become ‘a nation once again’. A cult of ‘dying for Ireland’ emerged, with an emphasis on rebellion. The Protestant establishment as well as the British government were threatened.

•       1831       3 May    Tithe War: A force of one hundred and twenty armed police forcibly took possession of cattle belonging to a Roman Catholic priest in lieu of his compulsory tithe to the Anglican Church of Ireland.

•       1836                       Tithe War: The passage of the Tithe Commutation Act 1836 reduced the amount of the tithe and changed the manner of payment, which largely ended the unrest

•       1841       Daniel O’Connell of the Catholic Association held Monster Meetings for the Repeal of the Union and the restoration of the Irish Parliament which would be dominated by the Catholic majority.

•       1845                       Great Irish Famine: A potato blight destroyed two-thirds of Ireland's staple crop and lead to an estimated 1 million deaths and emigration of a further 1 million people.

•       1845       (11th Sept) First report of disease in the potato crop. It was caused by a fungus. England was also affected, but people were not dependent on potatoes there.

•       1848       Ballingarry, County Tipperary: beginning of violent action with the Battle of the Widow MacCormack’s Cabbage Garden. It was led by William Smith O’Brien, a Harrow-educated Protestant he had gravitated towards a sub-group known as ‘Young Ireland’. They preached a common nationality embracing Catholics and Protestants. John Mitchel, the son of an Ulster Presbyterian Minister, founded a newspaper called ‘The United Irishmen’, preaching republicanism and rebellion.

•       After Mitchel’s arrest, Smith O’Brien became the militant leader He began inciting Tipperary to revolt. A warrant was issued for his arrest. A party of the Irish constabulary moved on Ballingarry but found barricades and many people, some armed. The constables took refuge in Widow MacCormack’s house – her five children were at home. The police started smashing furniture to make a barricade and, after shots from the mob, fired out of the house killing two people before more police arrived. This was known as ‘the battle of Widow MacCormack’s cabbage garden’, but in 1916 Patrick Pearse was to list it amongst the six rebellions. James Stephens, a lieutenant of O’Brien, escaped to France where he took part in resistance to Louis Napoleon. With his experience, Stephens was to begin thinking of forming a new professional modern secret society to help establish an Irish Republic. The Young Ireland movement faded after the failed Rising, but its ideas remained, exported to America. Future Irish politics would owe more to the church and agrarian secret societies than to the class-oriented politics of more industrialised societies.

•       1850s     In this decade, the word ‘Fenian’ was first used for an Irish Republican organization. It came from ‘Fianna’, legendary warrior heroes. Fenianism also emerged. ‘Fenian’ was the name for the Irish Republican Brotherhood, a secret society emerging in the late 1850s.

•       1858       (17th March). James Stephens formed what would become the Irish Republican Brotherhood. He and his fellow conspirators swore an oath to fight for Ireland as an Independent Democratic Republic.

•       1865       John Devoy, Stephens’ aid in Ireland, had been undermining British soldiers with a new secret oath and by drilling civilians in secrecy. He had 85,000 men in Ireland, and trained soldiers were beginning to return from America. After a betrayal by a spy, the staff of the Irish People were arrested, Stephens two months after the rest. People relaxed after the fear of rebellion, but with insider help Stephens escaped. Tension rose again, but in reality Stephens’ 85,000 men were not well armed or controlled. Stephens persuaded his Irish-American comrades to postpone the rebellion.

•       1867       5 March               Fenian Rising

•       1869       Charles Stewart Parnell, a Protestant landowner from County Meath, became active in politics. He came from the tradition of pre-Union Protestant independenceHe was soon known as an extremist amongst the otherwise gentlemanly supporters of Home Rule.  By the late 1860s, threats were being made against landsharks who took the property of evicted tenants, and landlords who evicted tenants over grazing.

•       1870       A Land Act gave evicted tenants compensation for expenditure on their holdings. This symbolically implied the end of the Protestant Ascendancy. The land market had virtually closed after the Famine. In the new system, tenants and leaseholders chose their own successors. The Land Act gave this strength.

•       1879       Famine loomed, but a massive charitable operation staved it off.

•       1880       Parnell visited America and gave speeches about Irish nationalism. In the same year, he began an adulterous affair with Katherine O’Shea, wife of an Irish member of parliament.

•                       By now the Land League had taken on a Home Rule aspect. Until then, the Home Rule body had been very loosely organised.

•       1886       The First Home Rule bill failed to pass through Commons. Parnell had made a speech appearing to sincerely accept the Home Rule Bill as the final settlement of the Irish Question.

•       1889       Mrs O’Shea came into her inheritance, and her husband filed for divorce. 

•       1893       Second Home Rule Bill passed Commons but rejected by the Lords.

20th century

•       1904       Sinn Féin was formed by Arthur Griffith, an ex-Fenian, in order to exploit local authorities (ignoring other state institutions) rather than seek revolution or legislative reform. Before the First World War it failed to win any seats. Griffith, contributor to the newspapers The United Irishmen and Sinn Féin (‘Ourselves Alone’), had previously encouraged the setting up of an Irish Parliament.

•       1908 Patrick Pearse, a poet and teacher, founded St Enda’s school at Rathfarnham to teach the Irish-Ireland spirit. Many of its pupils were to join the IRB.

•       1909                       The Irish Transport and General Workers’ Union was formed, led by Jim Larkin and James Connolly. 

•                       26 August            Dublin Lockout: The ITGWU went on strike.

•       1914       18 January          Dublin Lockout: The Trades Union Congress (TUC) rejected a call by the ITGWU to go on strike in their support. The strikers quit the union and returned to work.

•                       18 September   Government of Ireland Act, offering Irish Home Rule, passed but application simultaneously postponed for the duration of World War I

•       1915       Death of Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa. His body was returned to Ireland by neo-Fenians and given a great funeral to awaken public memories of the Fenians. Pearse said of him, ‘they have left us our Fenian dead’.

•       1916       24 April               Easter Rising: The Irish Republican Brotherhood led an action which seized key government buildings in Dublin, and issued the Proclamation of the Irish Republic.

•       1916       (March 17th). The minority Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army paraded around Dublin.The plan for the Rising was to take over strong-points in Dublin centre in order to command the site of army barracks and approach routes into the city. Arms were being shipped from Germany, accompanied by Sir Roger Casement, former British Consulate figure and Irish Nationalist. He was immediately arrested (April 21st).                               

•       1917 – 1919         The rebels’ plan was to get popular support for republicanism in order to win American backing for Irish representation at the peace conference. Electoral contests were to be used to demonstrate republican popularity, although candidates would ‘abstain’ from taking up their seats. They had most success in the south.

•       1917       The Parliamentary Party under John Redmond and John Dillon was still dominant. Collins formed a group with the non-violent pre-war Sinn Féin of Arthur Griffith and put up the father of Rising martyr Joseph Plunkett in a by-election, to a resounding victory.

•                       29 April                Easter Rising: The leader of the uprising ordered his followers to surrender.

•       1918       18 April                Acting on a resolution of Dublin Corporation, the Lord Mayor convenes a conference at the Mansion House to devise plans to resist conscription.

•       14 December     A general election returns a majority for Sinn Féin.

•                       1919       21 January           The First Dáil of the Irish Republic meets and issues a Declaration of Independence from the UK.

•       21 January           Irish War of Independence: Volunteers of the Army of the Irish Republic kill two members of the Royal Irish Constabulary in what is considered to be the first act of the War of Independence.

•       1921       3 May    Northern Ireland is established.

•       1921       6 December       Irish War of Independence: The War of Independence ends when negotiations between the British government and representatives of the de facto Irish Republic conclude with the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the creation of the Irish Free State

•       1922       28 June                Irish Civil War: Bombardment by Michael Collins of Anti-Treaty forces occupying the Four Courts marks the start of the Irish Civil War

•       1923       24 May                Irish Civil War: IRA Chief of Staff Frank Aiken orders volunteers to dump arms - effectively ending the Civil War.

•       1937       29 December    The Constitution of Ireland comes into force replacing the Irish Free State with a new state called "'Éire', or, in the English language, 'Ireland'"

•       1949       August The Republic of Ireland Act is signed by the President of Ireland abolishing the remaining roles of the British monarch in the government of the Irish state.

•       1955       14 December    Ireland joins the United Nations along with 16 other sovereign states.

•       1969       August Troops are deployed on the streets of Northern Ireland, marking the start of the Troubles.

•       1972       March  The Parliament of Northern Ireland is prorogued (and abolished the following year).

•       1973       1 January            Ireland joins the European Community along with Britain and Denmark.

•       1973       June     The Northern Ireland Assembly is elected.

•       1974       1 January            A power-sharing Northern Ireland Executive takes office, but resigns in May as a result of the Ulster Workers' Council strike. The Assembly is suspended and later abolished.

•       1985       15 November   The governments of Ireland and the United Kingdom sign the Anglo-Irish Agreement.

•       1990       3 December      Mary Robinson becomes the first female President of Ireland.

•       1995                       Ireland enters the Celtic Tiger period which marks great economic growth for Ireland - which continues until 2007.

•       1998       April      The Belfast Agreement is signed. As a result, the Northern Ireland Assembly is elected, to which powers are devolved in 1999 and a power-sharing Executive takes office.

•       1999                       Ireland yields its official currency the Irish pound and adopts the Euro.

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4 famine click for famine web pages

5 break

6 local venues

7 craft/ travel

Samhain Heads click

Recipe- Spiced Beef

Irish Spiced Beef

Ingredients:20 cloves, 2 tsp ground allspice or cinnamon, 6 Shallots, 2 tsp Prague Powder(can be obtained from the Sausage Maker-26 military Rd,BNuffalo,N.Y. 14207), 1Pound Kosher Salt (coarse), 1 tsp black pepper, three tsp. ground mace, 7-8 lb. beef. 2-3 bay leaves, ground nutmeg, Two Pints Guinness Stout. Instructions:1. Grind all dry ingredients and mix 2. Add finely chopped shallots 3. Rinse beef and place in plastic or glass container(avoid iron). 4.Take 1 seventh of the spice/salt mixture and rub it all over the meat. Place meat back into container, cover and set out on the back porch or in a cool spot-if too warm out place in fridge. Each day for seven days rub the meat with one seventh of the mixture, turn over and re-cover. Leave the liquid that forms with the meat. At the end of seven days place meat and liquid into a big pot -add water to top up and cover the meat and boil until the meat is tender.(a fork should just barely be able to lift up strands of meat-dont over do it!) Change water adding clean water and boil for another 30 minutes. Then add veg-large carrots,onions, and potatoes- cook until almost done. Add two pints Guinness Stout and boil for another 10-20 minutes.
You can eat this hot or leave to cool overnight-place meat into colander with weight on it and plate or dish under it.

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8 summary/questions

Travel Tips

Newspapers

Dublin – Irish Times

http://www.irishtimes.com/

Belfast-Belfast  Telegraph

http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/

Londonderry-The Derry News

http://www.derrynews.com/

Donegal- Donegal News

http://donegalnews.com/

Galway- Galway Independent

http://www.galwayindependent.com/

Limerick-Limerick Post

http://www.limerickpost.ie/

Killarney- The  Kerryman

http://www.independent.ie/regionals/kerryman/

Waterford –Waterford News

http://www.waterford-news.ie/

Kilkenny – Kilkenny People

http://www.kilkennypeople.ie/

Blarney- Blarney  News

http://www.mytown.ie/blarney/news

Bundoran

http://locally.ie/bundoran

Kingscourt

http://locally.ie/kingscourt

Radio-Televison

Republic – RTE

http://www.rte.ie/

Northern Ireland- BBC

http://www.bbc.co.uk/radioulster

Tourism

Northern Ireland

http://www.discovernorthernireland.com/

Republic

http://www.discoverireland.ie/

http://www.ireland.com/en-us

Weather click

Wikipedia Pages- click on placename

Dublin

Maryland Organizations-

Emerald Isle Club

http://www.emeraldisleclub.com/

Ancient Order of Hibernians

Maryland:
MARYLAND STATE BOARD
Commodore John Barry Div. 1, Annapolis, MD
St. Patrick’s Division 5, Baltimore, MD
St. Brendan Division 3, Towson, MD

Friendly Sons of St. Patrick
Click

Emerald Society
Click

Celtic Society
click

Events

Annapolis Irish Festival
click

http://irishfestival.com.s141542.gridserver.com/

Newspaper- Irish Echo

http://irishecho.com/

Genealogy

Irish Archives

http://www.genealogy.nationalarchives.ie/

Public Record Office Ireland

http://www.proni.gov.uk/index/search_the_archives.htm

Genuki

http://www.genuki.com/

Genforum UK

http://genforum.genealogy.com/englandcountry/

Genforum Ireland

http://genforum.genealogy.com/ireland/

National Archive UK

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/

Ancestory

http://home.ancestry.com/

Library of Congress

http://www.loc.gov

Irish Pubs In Maryland (needs update)
click